A theory of the emergence, persistence, and expression of geographic variation in psychological characteristics—University of Texas at Austin. (n.d.). Retrieved August 31, 2025, from https://search.lib.utexas.edu
Annual National Land Cover Database (NLCD) Collection 1 Products (ver. 1.1, June 2025) | U.S. Geological Survey. (2025, January 18). https://www.usgs.gov/data/annual-national-land-cover-database-nlcd-collection-1-products
Biljecki, F., & Ito, K. (2021). Street view imagery in urban analytics and GIS: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 215, 104217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104217
Divided we stand: Three psychological regions of the United States and their political, economic, social, and health correlates. - EBSCO. (n.d.). Retrieved August 31, 2025, from https://research-ebsco-com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/c/h67heq/viewer/pdf/5ifnwfqlhr?route=details
Ebert, T., Gebauer, Jochen. E., Brenner, T., Bleidorn, W., Gosling, S. D., Potter, J., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2022). Are Regional Differences in Psychological Characteristics and Their Correlates Robust? Applying Spatial-Analysis Techniques to Examine Regional Variation in Personality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(2), 407–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621998326
Götz, F. M., Ebert, T., Gosling, S. D., Obschonka, M., Potter, J., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2021). Local housing market dynamics predict rapid shifts in cultural openness: A 9-year study across 199 cities. American Psychologist, 76(6), 947–961. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000812
Götz, F. M., Gosling, S. D., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2022). Small Effects: The Indispensable Foundation for a Cumulative Psychological Science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(1), 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620984483
Götz, F. M., Gosling, S. D., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2024). Effect sizes and what to make of them. Nature Human Behaviour, 8(5), 798–800. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01858-z
Götz, F. M., Montello, D. R., Varnum, M. E. W., Luca, D., & Kenrick, D. T. (2025). A unified framework integrating psychology and geography. Nature Human Behaviour, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02237-y
Ito, K., Kang, Y., Gosling, S. D., Potter, J., Yao, X., & Biljecki, F. (n.d.). Uncovering the Associations between Human Big Five Personality Traits and Built Environment Characteristics from Street View Imagery.
Ito, K., Zhu, Y., Abdelrahman, M., Liang, X., Fan, Z., Hou, Y., Zhao, T., Ma, R., Fujiwara, K., Ouyang, J., Quintana, M., & Biljecki, F. (2025). ZenSVI: An open-source software for the integrated acquisition, processing and analysis of street view imagery towards scalable urban science. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 119, 102283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2025.102283
Jiang, S., Alves, A., Rodrigues, F., Ferreira, J., & Pereira, F. C. (2015). Mining point-of-interest data from social networks for urban land use classification and disaggregation. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 53, 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2014.12.001
Jokela, M., Bleidorn, W., Lamb, M. E., Gosling, S. D., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2015). Geographically varying associations between personality and life satisfaction in the London metropolitan area. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(3), 725–730. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415800112
Liu, L., Gu, X., Lan, M., Zhou, H., Chen, D., & Su, Z. (2025). Capturing the spatial arrangement of POIs in crime modeling. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 117, 102245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102245
Liu, X., Andris, C., & Rahimi, S. (2019). Place niche and its regional variability: Measuring spatial context patterns for points of interest with representation learning. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 75, 146–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.01.011
Mewes, L., Ebert, T., Obschonka, M., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2022). Psychological Openness and the Emergence of Breakthrough vs. Incremental Innovations: A Regional Perspective. Economic Geography, 98(4), 379–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2049228
Militaru, I. E., Serapio-García, G., Ebert, T., Kong, W., Gosling, S. D., Potter, J., Rentfrow, P. J., & Götz, F. M. (2024). The lay of the land: Associations between environmental features and personality. Journal of Personality, 92(1), 88–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12822
Obschonka, M., Stuetzer, M., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2017). Did Strategic Bombing in the Second World War Lead to ‘German Angst’? A Large-scale Empirical Test Across 89 German Cities. European Journal of Personality, 31(3), 234–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2104
Obschonka, M., Stuetzer, M., Rentfrow, P. J., Shaw-Taylor, L., Satchell, M., Silbereisen, R. K., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2018). In the shadow of coal: How large-scale industries contributed to present-day regional differences in personality and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(5), 903–927. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000175
Pei, T., Sobolevsky, S., Ratti, C., Shaw, S.-L., Li, T., & Zhou, C. (2014). A new insight into land use classification based on aggregated mobile phone data. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 28(9), 1988–2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2014.913794
Peters, H., Götz, F. M., Ebert, T., Müller, S. R., Rentfrow, P. J., Gosling, S. D., Obschonka, M., Ames, D., Potter, J., & Matz, S. C. (2023). Regional personality differences predict variation in early COVID-19 infections and mobility patterns indicative of social distancing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 124(4), 848–872. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000439
Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2021). Putting personality in its place: A geographical perspective on personality traits. In Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 4th ed (pp. 824–836). The Guilford Press.
Rentfrow, P. J., Gosling, S. D., Jokela, M., Stillwell, D. J., Kosinski, M., & Potter, J. (2013). Divided we stand: Three psychological regions of the United States and their political, economic, social, and health correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 996–1012. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034434
Rentfrow, P. J., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008). A Theory of the Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 3(5), 339–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00084.x
Stuetzer, M., Brodeur, A., Obschonka, M., Audretsch, D. B., Rentfrow, J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. (2022). A Golden Opportunity: The Gold Rush, Entrepreneurship and Culture (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 4114397). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4114397
Tolan, J., Yang, H.-I., Nosarzewski, B., Couairon, G., Vo, H., Brandt, J., Spore, J., Majumdar, S., Haziza, D., Vamaraju, J., Moutakanni, T., Bojanowski, P., Johns, T., White, B., Tiecke, T., & Couprie, C. (2024). Very high resolution canopy height maps from RGB imagery using self-supervised vision transformer and convolutional decoder trained on Aerial Lidar. Remote Sensing of Environment, 300, 113888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113888
Wei, W., Lu, J. G., Galinsky, A. D., Wu, H., Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., Yuan, W., Zhang, Q., Guo, Y., Zhang, M., Gui, W., Guo, X.-Y., Potter, J., Wang, J., Li, B., Li, X., Han, Y.-M., Lv, M., Guo, X.-Q., … Wang, L. (2017). Regional ambient temperature is associated with human personality. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(12), 890–895. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0240-0
Xu, W., Wang, Z., Attia, N., Attia, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zong, H. (2024). An experienced racial-ethnic diversity dataset in the United States using human mobility data. Scientific Data, 11(1), 638. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03490-y
Zhang, F., Fan, Z., Kang, Y., Hu, Y., & Ratti, C. (2021). “Perception bias”: Deciphering a mismatch between urban crime and perception of safety. Landscape and Urban Planning, 207, 104003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.104003